Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a type of acute viral pneumonia, which began with a sudden outbreak in Wuhan, China. Although closely related to severe acute Respiratory syndrome, severe acute Respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS), the disease excessive transmission rate distinguishes it from other viral pneumonia diseases. The pulmonary complications and infections caused by this virus, as well as the lack of specific therapeutic have caused one of the most complicated epidemics of the last century. In this review article, we attempted to discuss and describe the latest findings of immunopathogenesis, as well new and applicable treatments for coronavirus disease.

Background: Vitiligo is an acquired multifactorial disorder. Different treatments are used for it and all of them have adverse side-effects. Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease associated with other autoimmune diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and so on. In these diseases, deficiency of vitamin D and B12 are proposed. So in this study, treatment response and remission in patients taking oral vitamin D and B12 was administered.Methods: 60 patients with active vitiligo were randomly divided into three groups. Group I received topical PUVA for 6 months; group II received topical PUVA and 1 cc oral drops of vitamin D3 daily for 2 months, and then topical PUVA alone for following 4 months; and group III received topical PUVA and 1 cc oral drops of vitamin D3 daily and sublingual tablets of vitamin B12 daily for 2 months, and then treated with topical PUVA for following 4months. Cure rate and side effects were evaluated using Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) at the third and sixth months. Findings: In each of the three treated groups at different times, the average changes in the area and extent of the lesion were not significantly different. Pruritus and erythema occurred in some patients.Conclusion: In this study, the reduction in the extent and area of lesions in the group receiving vitamin D compared to the control group were higher that indicated the role of vitamin D in preventing progression of active vitiligo.

Background: Chronic diabetes is substantially associated with circulatory disorders in lower limbs. Vacuum-Compression Therapy (VCT) has been commonly used in treatment of peripheral circulatory disorders. VCT is based on intermittent alteration of Positive- Negative pressure phases. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of VCT on diabetic subjects' peripheral blood flow.Methods: In this Before-After and case-series study, 18 type 2 diabetic subjects with diabetic neuropathy and/or peripheral vascular disease (PVD) completed the study. Subjects received 45 min of VCT for 10 sessions three times weekly. Blood flow (calf+foot) was measured via venous occlusion plethysmography.Results: Among Variables of "Arterial Inflow", "Venous Outflow", "Venous Capacity", "Postischemic Reactive Hyperemia" and "Peak Flow of Reactive Hyperemia", only "Venous Outflow" significantly improved after 10 sessions treatment via VCT (P<0.05).Conclusions: Arterial blood inflow, which was the most important determinant evaluated in this study, was not increased via VCT. Additional studies are required to investigate the effective VCT parameters and duration of each session and number of sessions, considering progressive and deteriorative natural history of diabetes.

Background: Neonatal Respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in preterm infants is a critical condition often necessitating urgent medical intervention. This meta-analysis assesses the efficacy and safety of combining surfactant with budesonide for treating NRDS in preterm neonates, emphasizing Respiratory outcomes. Methods: We performed a systematic review of databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) following PRISMA guidelines from inception to July 30, 2024. Studies comparing budesonide-surfactant combination Therapy to surfactant alone in NRDS were included. Respiratory outcomes evaluated included duration of mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), length of hospitalization, and frequency of a second surfactant dose. The outcomes were the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and mortality rates. Data from eligible studies were pooled for meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Results: Ten articles involving 920 infants in the treatment group and 1167 in the control group were analyzed. The combination Therapy significantly reduced mechanical ventilation time, hospitalization duration, and CPAP use and decreased the need for a second surfactant dose. The treatment group also showed significantly lower mortality rates (OR = 0.694, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.927, P < 0.05) and BPD incidence (OR = 0.639, 95% CI: 0.525, 0.778, P < 0.001) compared to controls. Conclusion: Budesonide-surfactant Therapy for NRDS in preterm infants effectively reduces mechanical ventilation time and hospitalization. It also significantly lowers mortality rates, the need for a second surfactant dose, and BPD incidence, indicating its potential for widespread application in NICUs. Further large-scale trials are needed to validate these findings and assess long-term outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thiopental sodium is not an ideal intravenous drug for inducing general anesthesia and compared to intravenous anesthetic drugs like propofol has a long standing recovery time. The aim of this study was to compare the recovery duration of propofol and thiopental sodium in ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy).METHODS: In a clinical trial, 70 patients aged between 15-40 years old in A.S.A class I & II were selected for ECT.They were randomly divided into two groups of 35 patients. After patient monitoring, 2-3 mg/kg thiopental sodium or 1-1.5 mg/kg propofol (randomly in each patient) and then 0.5 mg/kg succinylcholine were administered. Patients were ventilated with mask and oxygen (%100). After ECT, seizure and recovery durations were recorded. During these procedures, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before and after anesthetic induction and 1 and 5 min after ECT.FINDINGS: Mean recovery duration of propofol and thiopental sodium were 5.49±2.57 min and 6.4±3.69 min, respectively (p=0.233). Also, seizure duration of propofol and thiopental sodium were 32.06±13.78 sec and 35.06±10.08 sec (P=0.302). Hemodynamic changes (systolic blood pressure) in two groups were not significant except at 1 minute after seizure (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: According to the results, there was not a significant difference between two groups in seizure and recovery duration. But propofol can prevent increasing hemodynamic response to ECT better than thiopental sodium. In patients with hypertension or restriction of thiopental sodium, propofol can be a suitable replacement.